Tensions between China and Taiwan have escalated once again after China conducted military exercises around Taiwan, simulating an attack just days after the first National Day speech by Taiwanese President William Lai. These exercises highlight the ongoing conflict over Taiwan’s status, with China claiming the self-governed island as a breakaway province, while many Taiwanese view themselves as part of a separate nation.

Historical Context

The complex history of Taiwan dates back to its Austronesian tribal populations, with Chinese records first mentioning the island in 239 AD. After a period as a Dutch colony, Taiwan was governed by China’s Qing dynasty before it was ceded to Japan in 1895 following the First Sino-Japanese War.

After Japan’s surrender following World War II, Taiwan was returned to the Republic of China (ROC). However, a civil war erupted on mainland China, leading to the defeat of Chiang Kai-shek’s ROC government by Mao Zedong’s Communist forces. Chiang and his supporters fled to Taiwan in 1949, establishing a dictatorship that later transitioned to democracy in the 1980s.

International Recognition

Taiwan has its own constitution, government, and military, but its international recognition has diminished. The ROC once claimed to represent all of China and held China’s seat at the United Nations. However, in 1971, the UN recognized Beijing as the legitimate government of China. Today, only 12 countries officially recognize Taiwan, as China pressures nations to cut diplomatic ties with the island.

Relations Between Taiwan and China

Relations between Taiwan and China improved in the 1980s, with Taiwan easing restrictions on visits and trade with China. However, Beijing’s proposal for Taiwan to accept a “one country, two systems” model, similar to Hong Kong’s governance, was rejected. Taiwan’s Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), which supports self-governance, has further strained relations. In 2005, China passed an anti-secession law, asserting its right to use force if Taiwan declares independence.

U.S. Involvement

The U.S. has played a crucial role in the relations between Taiwan and China, adhering to the “One China Policy” while providing Taiwan with defensive support. Though it maintains official relations with Beijing, the U.S. has expressed military support for Taiwan under President Biden, provoking anger from China. U.S.-Taiwan relations, such as Nancy Pelosi’s visit in 2022, have triggered strong reactions from Beijing, including military exercises.

The outcome of Taiwan’s future leadership and the relationship between the U.S. and China will continue to shape this delicate geopolitical landscape.